The U.S. Supreme Court has agreed to hear a case that will decide whether the United States government can be sued for monetary damages.
The high court agreed on June 20 to review an appeals court ruling that Reginald Kirtz could sue the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) for wrongly stating on his credit report that some of his loans were overdue, damaging his credit score.
At issue is whether Congress waived the United States’ sovereign immunity from lawsuits when it modified consumer protection laws nearly 30 years ago.
A district court sided with the USDA and dismissed Kirtz’s complaint on the premise that Congress did not intend to waive the federal government’s immunity from lawsuits.
Kirtz appealed and the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit ruled in his favor, prompting the USDA to file a petition (pdf) with the U.S. Supreme Court, arguing that the lower court’s decision is incorrect.
The question presented before the high court is whether the civil-liability provisions of the Fair Credit Reporting Act “unequivocally and unambiguously waive the sovereign immunity of the United States.”
Kirtz’s attorneys filed a petition (pdf) with the Supreme Court in May that argued that the Third Circuit was correct in ruling that the Fair Credit Reporting Act waives the sovereign immunity of the federal government by authorizing consumers to sue federal agencies for violations of the act.
The alleged violation was that the USDA failed to correct an inaccurate statement that wrongly reported that Kirtz’s account was 120 days past due on a loan made to him by the USDA, damaging his credit score.
When Kirtz first went to federal court in 2020, he accused the USDA of violating the Fair Credit Reporting Act, but the USDA asked the district court to dismiss the case.
The USDA argued that the Fair Credit Reporting Act did not clearly indicate that Congress meant to waive the federal government’s immunity from lawsuits.
The district court sided with the USDA but that decision was later reversed on appeal.
Kirtz’s team argued that the USDA incorrectly suggested that Congress must enact an explicit statutory waiver of sovereign immunity for a waiver to be effective.
Further, the appeals court said that, because the federal government is the largest employer and creditor in the United States, allowing lawsuits against it would be in line with Congress’s aim of ensuring “fair and accurate credit reporting.”
The USDA disagreed and asked the Supreme Court to review the case. The agency argued in a petition (pdf) that waivers of federal sovereign immunity must be “unequivocally and unambiguously expressed” but that the Fair Credit Reporting Act does not contain the kind of unambiguous and unequivocal waiver of sovereign immunity that is required by law.
The USDA argued that the Supreme Court should weigh in because, if the appeals court’s ruling in favor of Kirtz is allowed to stand, it would allow the government to “routinely be threatened with substantial monetary liability for its everyday employment and lending activities.” remove
The agency said that the question presented before the Supreme Court concerns a “matter of great importance” because even if the government were to prevail in lawsuits, “an ultimate victory on the merits would not vindicate the interests protected by sovereign immunity.”
Sovereign immunity, the USDA argued, is an immunity from lawsuits, not just being immune to liability.
“Immunity from suit protects ‘the nation from unanticipated intervention in the processes of government,’” Prelogar continued.
She argued that Congress is the body charged by the Constitution with “striking the balance” between creating federal rights and duties and establishing private remedies to vindicate and enforce them.
“Judicial decisions allowing ‘private suits for money damages’ against the sovereign absent its consent would upset that balance and ‘place unwarranted strain on the [government’s] ability to govern in accordance with the will of [its] citizens,’” she continued, asking the Supreme Court to reverse the appeals court’s decision.
